Download or read book Istanbul at the Threshold of Nation State written by Erol Ulker and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2024-07-01 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the formation of the Turkish national movement, while Istanbul was under British, French, and Italian occupation, a distinct factional split emerged. One side supported the Ottoman sultanate’s sovereignty, while the other championed a populist, republican path. An Istanbul at the Threshold of Nation State contextualizes this history of coalition, political disintegration, and power struggles in Turkey between 1918 and 1923 to highlight the rise of anti-communist movements and the emergence of national labor and merchant confederations that formed xenophobic, Christian exclusionary policies in the 1920s and 30s.